Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to beta cell destruction in the pancreas, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency

Also Called

• Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• Juvenile onset diabetes mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus type 2

Is an endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from variable degrees of insulin resistance and deficiency

Chronic hyperglycemia of Diabetes can lead to multiorgan damage resulting in renal, neurologic, cardiovascular, and other serious complications

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (DMG)

• Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is diabetes diagnosed in second or third trimester of pregnancy that is clearly not overt diabetes
• Women with diabetes in first trimester would be classified as having type 2 Diabetes

Osteoporosis

Generalized skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and deterioration of bone quality, often leading to fragility fracture

Who is most affected?

• Postmenopausal women
• Persons ≥ 65 years old
• Persons with small body frame
• Men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Persons in whom were taking glucocorticoids

Hypothyroidism

• Hypometabolic state from thyroid hormone deficiency

Making the diagnosis

• Primary Hypothyroidism
• Subclinical Hypothyroidism
• Secondary and tertiary Hypothyroidism:
  • Frequently accompanied by other symptoms of hypothalamic or pituitary deficiency such as amenorrhea, galactorrhea, or erectile dysfunction

Hyperthyroidism

Inappropriately high synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone

Most common causes:

• Graves disease
• Toxic thyroid adenoma
• Toxic multinodular goiter

Menopause

3 consecutive months of amenorrhea or cycle lengths 42 days may indicate impending menopause

Who is most affected

• Perimenopause most common in women aged 40-58 years
• Mean age of onset of natural menopause is 51 years in North America